Cinchona - Quinine Bark
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This page was created on April 11th and last updated on April 14, 2020.
- What is Cinchona?
Cinchona, a part of the Rubiaceae plant family, is an evergreen tree indigenous to forests of South America. The tree typically grows up to a height of 15 meters with oppositely organized leaves and red, pink, or white-colored flowers. The bark of the cinchona tree has long been used in history for the treatment of malaria. The bark consists of a compound called quinine, though to be an effective tonic for malaria. The powdered form of the cinchona bark was popularly used in the 17th century as an anti-malarial drug and for treating common pain, and fever. Along with quinine, cinchona bark also composes of some other compounds like quinidine, cinchonic acid, and some related alkaloids.
- History of Cinchona
The 16th century in Europe marked malaria, then known as ague, as a highly fatal illness that resulted in death in most cases. By the start of the 17th century, it had affected most parts of Europe from Rome to London and no effective cure was available by then.
The accurate accounts for the discovery of the medical properties of cinchona bark are still unclear. However, the use of cinchona bark, then known as Peruvian bark or Jesuit bark, first came into notice in 1633 in the religious scripts written by Jesuits (members of the Society of Jesus). The Jesuits are recorded as the first of the exporters and importers of the cinchona bark. They were the primary promoters of the bark and were assigned the task to figure more about the Jesuit bark by then Pope Innocent X. [ CITATION 1 \l 1033 ]
The anti-malarial abilities of the cinchona bark mainly came into the notice of medical communities at the end of the 17th century when Charles II (king of Great Britain and Ireland) was presumably cured of malaria using cinchona bark. The Jesuit missionaries are regarded as the first ones to bring the bark in Europe in the same century. The bark gets its name from Anna del Chinchón, wife of a Spanish viceroy to Peru, who was though to recover from ague using the Peruvian bark. [CITATION 2 \l 1033 ]
- Uses of Cinchona bark
The anti-malarial properties are not the only benefit of the cinchona bark. The active compound quinine found in cinchona bark comes with various medical values and is, therefore, long been in use for the treatment for several ailments. From indigestion problems to leg cramps, fever, common, cold, liver cancer, and skin problems, cinchona bark addresses all the conditions. Moreover, it is also used in cosmetics and beauty products for its skin and hair benefits. Below are some common medical and commercial uses of cinchona bark and quinine.
- Anti-malarial properties
Quinine is the chief ingredient in cinchona bark that is an active anti-malarial agent. It is used as a drug to control the symptoms of malaria where it kills the plasmodium (malarial parasite delivered by mosquitoes). Quinine is not used for the prevention of malaria but instead for killing the agents that cause it. With the advent of the latest medicines, the use of quinine as an anti-malarial drug is not recommended anymore. However, it was actively used to treat malaria in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
- Anti-bacterial activity
Cinchona bark has a purifying effect against many bacteria and microorganisms that can have an adverse influence on our skin. Its tonic properties and astringent action can be applied for hair and skin treatment.
- Used in tonic water
Quinine is actively found tonic water (a carbonated soft-drink) that is commonly mixed with liquor. Keeping into account the certain side effects of quinine, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has limited the use of quinine to 83 ppm in tonic water. [ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]
- Reduces fever
Quinine is also regarded as a mild antipyretic drug used to control temperature and common cold when used with other drugs. Moreover, quinine also shows analgesic properties and is used to alleviate pain.
- Anti-inflammatory properties
Cinchona barks consist of flavonoids and caffeic acid that have proven benefits for inflammatory problems. Flavonoids contain proteins like elastin and collagen that strengthen the blood vessels prevent swelling. Therefore, cinchona bark used in cosmetics is perfect for sensitive skin types.
- Effective for muscle cramps
Quinine drugs prove to be effective for the treatment of muscular cramps. However, due to many severe side effects, it is not commonly used for the treatment and the FDA has regarded it unsafe for the treatment of leg cramps. Still, quinine has long been used to cure conditions related to vascular spasms and reduce the intensity of leg cramps. [ CITATION 4 \l 1033 ]
- Helpful for malaria in pregnancy
For pregnant women, malaria can cause several health complications such as maternal anemia, premature birth, low birth-rate, and abortion. In this regard, a combination of quinine and clindamycin is notably handy for treating malaria during pregnancy. WHO has also approved of this treatment and recommends using it only during the first three months of pregnancy. [CITATION 5 \l 1033 ] [ CITATION 6 \l 1033 ]
- Effective in cancer treatment
Quinine, in the form of its synthesized malarial drug chloroquine, is found to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Therefore, quinine products are used to treat certain cancer forms like liver cancer and mesenteric cancer.[ CITATION 7 \l 1033 ]
- Used in pneumonia treatment
Quinine based drugs have shown has long been used for the treatment for pneumonia with positive outcomes. [ CITATION 8 \l 1033 ][ CITATION 9 \l 1033 ]
- Conclusions
Cinchona bark, bestowed with nature's best, is used as anti-malarial, tonic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, digestive, cosmetic and an astringent agent. It effectively deals with the loss of appetite, cramps, flu, and several cardiac conditions. Backed by years of history, cinchona bark continues to hold a reputable position is medical science.
Works Cited
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/cinchonabark
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/royal-commonwealth-society/projects-exhibitions/products-empire-cinchona
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.575
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323692
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js19105en/
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-abstract/95/6/651/1906938?redirectedFrom=fulltext
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-07-malaria-drug-cancer-treatments-effective.html
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rain-tree.com/quinine.htm
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/1178819
FDA Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Buy Cinchona Bark Powder - 1 oz. (28 grams)
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